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41.
《Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics》2019,119(12):2028-2040
BackgroundDiet and eating habits during youth have implications on diet and eating habits during adulthood, however, little longitudinal research has examined sexual orientation and gender expression differences in diet.ObjectiveOur aim was to examine sexual orientation and gender expression differences in diet quality and eating habits from adolescence to young adulthood.DesignData across multiple time points from the longitudinal Growing Up Today Study cohorts (1997 to 2011) were used.Participants/settingParticipants (n=12,880; aged 10 to 23 years) were the children of women from the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort.Main outcome measuresDiet quality scores were assessed using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010. In addition, breakfast consumption (≥5 days/wk) and family dinners (≥5 days/wk) were assessed.Statistical analyses performedMultivariable generalized estimating equation regression models were fit to estimate sexual orientation and gender expression differences in diet quality scores, breakfast consumption, and family dinners, stratified by sex assigned at birth over available repeated measures.Results“Gender-nonconforming” males had significantly higher diet quality scores than “very gender-conforming” males (P<0.05). Diet quality scores did not differ by gender expression among females. “Mostly heterosexual” females and gay males had higher diet quality scores than their same-sex completely heterosexual counterparts (P<0.05). Adjustment for mother’s diet quality scores attenuated effects, except for gay males (P<0.05). “Gender-nonconforming” females were less likely to consume breakfast than “very gender-conforming” females (P<0.05). Similar results were found for “mostly heterosexual” and bisexual compared to completely heterosexual females. There were no gender expression or sexual orientation differences in family dinners among males and females.ConclusionsSexual orientation and gender expression have independent effects on diet quality scores and eating habits for both males and females. Very gender-conforming and completely heterosexual males had the lowest diet quality scores compared to other gender expression and sexual orientation groups. Additional research to explore the effects of sexual orientation and gender expression on diet-related health is needed to build upon these findings. 相似文献
42.
《Health & place》2019
Mobility in sub-Saharan Africa links geographically-separate HIV epidemics, intensifies transmission by enabling higher-risk sexual behavior, and disrupts care. This population-based observational cohort study measured complex dimensions of mobility in rural Uganda and Kenya. Survey data were collected every 6 months beginning in 2016 from a random sample of 2308 adults in 12 communities across three regions, stratified by intervention arm, baseline residential stability and HIV status. Analyses were survey-weighted and stratified by sex, region, and HIV status. In this study, there were large differences in the forms and magnitude of mobility across regions, between men and women, and by HIV status.We found that adult migration varied widely by region, higher proportions of men than women migrated within the past one and five years, and men predominated across all but the most localized scales of migration: a higher proportion of women than men migrated within county of origin. Labor-related mobility was more common among men than women, while women were more likely to travel for non-labor reasons. Labor-related mobility was associated with HIV positive status for both men and women, adjusting for age and region, but the association was especially pronounced in women. The forms, drivers, and correlates of mobility in eastern Africa are complex and highly gendered. An in-depth understanding of mobility may help improve implementation and address gaps in the HIV prevention and care continua. 相似文献
43.
Objective
To explore from a gender perspective the association with subjective health of the interaction between education and household arrangements within the framework of social determinants of health placed at the micro and mezzo levels.Methods
The data comes from the Spanish sample of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for 2014. Independent logistic regression models for men and women were run to analyze the association with subjective health of the interaction between education and household arrangements. An additive model was run to assess possible advantages over the interaction approach.Results
The interaction models show a lower or even no significant effect on health of household arrangements usually negatively associated with health among individuals with high education, displaying specific patterns according to sex.Conclusions
Health profiles of women and men are more precisely drawn if both social determinants of health are combined. Among the women, the important role was confirmed of both social determinants of health in understanding their health inequalities. Among the men, mainly those with low educational achievement, the interaction revealed that the household was a more meaningful social determinant of health. This could enable the definition of more efficient public policies to reduce health and gender inequalities. 相似文献44.
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46.
Jodie Ward Rebecca N. Johnson Linzi Wilson-Wilde 《The Australian journal of forensic sciences》2019,51(4):S263-S267
ABSTRACTFemales are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) at all levels of society. Fewer females are completing STEM school subjects, graduating with STEM degrees, being employed as STEM professionals, and holding senior leadership and academic positions in STEM. However, unlike almost every other STEM discipline, the overall ratio of females is higher in many forensic science disciplines. For our sector, rather than having difficulty in attracting females, the bigger issue is how we retain and promote female talent. This complex issue is exacerbated by: gender pay gaps; family role expectations; lack of visible role models or mentors; discrimination and harassment; and bias during recruitment and promotion practices. We discuss barriers relevant for women in the forensic industry and offer potential solutions. These include flexible work arrangements, sponsorship programmes, and fostering and practising an inclusive workplace culture. Gender equity programmes and exemplar STEM organizations focused on a commitment to gender parity will be explored. Harnessing untapped female talent is as much a social justice issue as employing best practices for improving the quality, diversity and output of our forensic science workforce, and research and innovation strategies. 相似文献
47.
《Foot and Ankle Surgery》2019,25(5):670-673
BackgroundMales and females who undergo hallux valgus (HV) surgery have different expectations.MethodsData from 439 patients, with 26 males, were prospectively collected between 2007–2015. Propensity score matching (PSM) of one male to two females was performed using logistic regression of six variables to minimize selection bias. Hallux visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, AOFAS scores, SF-36, satisfaction and expectation scores were analysed at two years.ResultsThere were no significant differences in patient demographics after PSM. At two years, males and females attained similar VAS and AOFAS scores but males had significantly lower SF-36 general health score (males 68.7, females 79.3). 26.9% of males and 21.2% of females were not satisfied after surgery. Higher proportion of males did not have their expectations fulfilled (males 19.2%, females 5.8%) although this was not statistically significant.ConclusionsBoth genders attain similar outcome at two years. There is a trend towards lower expectation fulfilment in males after surgery. 相似文献
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50.
《Sleep medicine》2020
ObjectiveTo evaluate and refine a newly proposed factor structure for the Adherence Barriers to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Questionnaire (ABCQ) and to present psychometric data from a large, geographically diverse sample of children and young adults with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) treated with positive airway pressure (PAP).MethodsA sample of 181 patients prescribed PAP for treatment of SDB, ages 8–21 years, and caregivers (n = 234) of patients ages 2–21 years, completed the ABCQ during routine sleep medicine clinic visits. Adherence data from participants' PAP machines were obtained via electronic download, providing objective data on PAP adherence immediately preceding the clinic visit during which the ABCQ was completed.ResultsA three-factor structure (1. Behavior, Beliefs, Environment, 2. Emotional Barriers, & 3. Physical Barriers) exhibited good model fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Results indicate that the ABCQ has strong psychometric properties, including good internal consistency among subscales and strong convergent validity with objectively measured PAP adherence. Analysis of the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (ROC) yielded an ABCQ total cut-off score of 46.5 for patient report and 53.5 for caregiver report. Scores above the cutpoint predicted nonadherence to PAP, defined as failure to use PAP for ≥4 h on 70% of nights.ConclusionsThe three-factor ABCQ appears to be a useful patient- and caregiver-report instrument to measure barriers to PAP treatment in children and young adults with sleep disordered breathing. 相似文献